Solstice time at Stonehenge – the Winter Solstice that is…

Every year thousands of people make their way to Stonehenge on England’s Salisbury plain to witness the sunrise herald the longest day of the year. The fascination began in 1720 when the antiquarian William Stukeley noticed that the entrance through the surrounding earthwork approximated to the direction of the summer solstice. Accompanied by his friend the astronomer Edmund Halley he made the first ever attempt at scientifically dating the monument by means of solar observation and magnetic measurements. However what few people know is that it was the midwinter sunset, not the midsummer sunrise that Stonehenge was designed to face.

Extending deep below the turf the foundation pits of the stones provide the evidence. Each stone was placed into a cut which provided a vertical wall of chalk against which the better flatter faces of the stones were set. On the opposite side was an incline, a ramp down which the stones were introduced into their foundations. Within the centre of Stonehenge four of the five massive Trilithons, the first stones to be erected have their foundation ramps to the outside  the best sides facing inwards, all that is except the most impressive of all, the stones of the Great Trilithon, of which only one of the paired uprights remains standing. This massive stone weighing some 45 tons was raised from the centre of Stonehenge, its better face outwards towards the setting midwinter sun. This fact alone shows that the prehistoric architect’s first concern was the turning point of the year at the winter solstice.

In 1740 the stones were surveyed by John Wood, architect the famous city of Bath, creating what is now the most important early record Stonehenge ever made. Visitors to Bath today are largely unaware that Wood’s elegant Georgian buildings were inspired not only by Roman architecture, but by the symmetry and proportions he found within the plan of Stonehenge. A recent reappraisal of these early records and of the archaeological evidence reveals that Stonehenge itself was a carefully conceived geometrically inspired work, confirming that the order of construction tells us without doubt that it was the winter, not summer solstice that was the preoccupation of the Neolithic people who designed the monument. When you enter a cathedral you walk towards the altar, facing the direction of veneration, the fact that the door is at the west is more than the reciprocal of the fact that the altar lies to the east. So it was with Stonehenge,

For the real story of Stonehenge readers may like to see ‘Solving Stonehenge’ by Anthony Johnson, published by Thames & Hudson.

The book is described by the American Library Association, the worlds most professional, authoritative and unbiased reviewers as ‘the most attractive, readable, sensible and most comprehensive exploration of Stonehenge available’.

Details http://www.solvingstonehenge.com

The Pages for: Solving Stonehenge

There are clues in the archaeological record which take us on a remarkable journey into the sublime prehistoric dimension. Much of it concealed within the intrinsic details of the structure of Stonehenge. The monument sits astride the solar corridor, marking the longest and shortest days of the year, but inside the surrounding earthwork not one single stone of the mirrored symmetrical plan deviates from the master geometric model. Moreover the order of construction suggests that the focus of interest was the midwinter sunset towards which the Great Trilithon was designed to face. The idea of dividing the year into two halves, summer winter, light and dark and themes accommodating the concept of duality of the natural and spiritual world into mirrored domains may well explain the preoccupation with symmetry of design seen in both monuments and artifacts of the period
Top: Stonehenge midwinter sunset, James Mitchell©

Below: How the ravages of time have taken their toll on Stonehenge Anthony Johnson©

Interpretations (which pretend to be ‘explanations’) of Stonehenge almost invariably start ‘too far down the line’, that is – they look at the finished monument. If we take one step back, and examine the logical process of its design, we see evidence for both the setting out and prefabrication of the structure, this is the area where we gain real insight into the prehistoric mindset. I guess this is largely where I am at odds with a lot of material written on Stonehenge, do we really want to know what people think it ‘means’ today – better by far to begin with an examination of the processes which determined its construction, by sound archaeological enquiry, only then can we really begin to offer our own vision of what it was ‘for”.

Regular visitors frequently ask about the chronological framework, so I’ve just added a timeline. This gives a fair and graphic approximation of the phases of construction and contemporary events during the time when Stonehenge was being constructed and modified. I Hope people will find this useful. The latest news is that radiocarbon dates from samples taken in 2008 indicate that the the first central stone construction belongs to the period 2400 – 2300 BC – a little later than previously thought. However in yet another recent interpretation it has been suggested the idea advanced in the 1920s – that the Aubrey Holes held stones may be correct. If this was the case then the date for the first stone structure would be nearer to 3,000 BC. It should be stressed however this currently remains a speculative view.

Oh and here is a little gem from 2002…*

‘Stonehenge Will Be Reunited With Its Natural Landscape By 2008′ Says Arts Minister Tessa Blackstone…